just one. Higher life theology modified Wesleyan, Methodist, and Oberlin perfectionism in a way that appealed more broadly to non-Methodists: it referred to the higher Christian life instead of Christian perfection. The higher life movement began in 1858 when William Boardman’s popular book The Higher Christian Life released, and it dissolved in 1875 when its leaders removed Robert Pearsall Smith from public ministry. William E. Boardman (1810–1886). Phoebe Palmer, Charles
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